In traditional Chinese and other Asian cultures of the old were highly respected and maintained. The Igabo tribes of eastern Nigeria value dependence in their old and in caring for children and administration of tribal affairs (Shelton, A. Kalish R. University of Michigan, 1969).
In the Eskimo culture has pushed the grandmother in the ice flow to die as soon as it was useless.
Western societies are generally similar to a certain extent, the Eskimo culture, only the"Ice flows" have names like "Sunset Vista" and the like. Younger generations no longer assigned to the old status and its role
is always in danger, the social norm.
There is a tendency to remove, the old out of their homes and put them in custodial care. To a certain extent, the government provides home care services to avoid or delay, but the motivation is probably more
to do with costs than humanity.
In Canada and some parts of theU.S. elderly be used as a foster mother, grandparents in child care agencies.
Some basic definitions
What is aging?
Aging: Aging is a natural phenomenon that is related to changes in the life cycle and to differences in structure and function between the younger and older generations.
Gerontology: Gerontology is the study of aging and includes science, psychology and sociology.
Geriatric Medicine: A relatively new area of medicinespecializing in the health problems of advanced age.
Social aging: Refers to the social habits and roles of individuals in relation to their culture and society. As social aging generally increase individual experiences a decline in real social interactions.
Biological aging: Refers to the physical changes in the body systems in the later decades of life. It can begin long before the individual reaches the chronological age of 65 years.
Cognitive Aging: Refers to the decreasingAbility to absorb new information and to learn new behaviors and skills.
GENERAL problems of aging
Eric Erikson (youth and life cycle. Children. 7:43-49 Mch / April 1960) developed an "ages and stages" theory of human
Development, which involved 8 levels after the birth of each of which involved a fundamental dichotomy represented the best case and worst case outcomes. Following are the dichotomies of development and its relevance:
Prenatal stage - conception to birth.
1.Infancy. Birth to 2 years - basic trust versus basic mistrust. Hope.
2. Early childhood, 3 to 4 years - autonomy vs. self-doubt / shame. Will.
3. Play Age 5 to 8 years - Initiative vs. guilt. Purpose.
4. School age, 9to 12 - industry vs. inferiority. Competence.
5. Adolescence, 13 to 19 - Identity vs. identity confusion. Fidelity.
6. Young adulthood - intimacy, isolation. Love.
7. Adulthood generativity against self-absorption. Care.
8. Mature Alter-EgoIntegrity vs. despair. Wisdom.
This stage of older adulthood, therefore, begins level 8, on the date of retirement and remains throughout life. Achieving ego integrity, a sign of maturity, while failing to achieve at this time, is an indication of a lack of development in earlier stages through the life course.
Ego-integrity: it means accepting a whole life and they reflect in a positive way. After reaching Erikson,
Integrity means fullyto review the adoption of a "self and the confrontation with death. taking responsibility for their own lives and able
the past with satisfaction is essential. The inability, this leads to despair and individual begins to fear in death. If a favorable balance is reached at this stage, then wisdom is developed.
Psychological Aspects and Personality:
Packaging has psychological effects. Next to die, our recognition that we can grow one of theprofound shock that we always receive. When we think of the invisible line of 65 years, our bank for the rest of the game of life are highlighted. We are not "mature" we are, rather than "old" or "seniors" classified. How do we cope with the changes that we propose and emphasized the change depends on our basic personality. Here are 3 basic personality types that have been identified. It is an oversimplification, but it makes the point about the personality effect:
a. The autonomous --People who seem to be the means for self-renewal to have. You can be dedicated to one goal or idea and the continuation of productivity. This seems to protect against some physiological aging.
- People who are rigid and not very adaptable, but are characterized by their power, prestige or well-structured support b. The routine set. But the situation changed dramatically when they become psychiatric casualties.
c. The anomic. These are people who do not clear the internalValues or a protective vision of life. Those people were withdrawn prematurely and they deteriorate rapidly when describing themselves.
Summary of stresses of old age.
a. age and lack of income. Most people rely on the work of self-esteem, identity and social interaction. Forced retirement can be demoralizing.
b. Fear of death and disability. The increased likelihood of falling victim to disease, from which no recovery is an ongoing
Source of anxiety. If youhave a heart attack or stroke, stress is much worse.
Some people faced death with equanimity, often psychologically supported by a religion or philosophy. Others may welcome death as an end of suffering or unsolvable problems, and with little interest for life or human existence. Still others face impending death with the suffering of great stress, against which they have no I-defense.
c. Isolation and loneliness. Older people face the inevitable loss of family, friends andContemporaries. The loss of a spouse, which one has to rely on the company and moral support is particularly worrying. Children grow up, marry and move away or busy. Memory loss, visual and aural impairments can all work together to difficult social interaction. And if this
then leads to an acidification of Outlook and rigidity of the attitude of the social interaction will be further reduced and the individual does not even exploit the opportunities for social activities, which stillavailable.
d. reduction of sexual function and physical attractiveness. Kinsey et al, in their sexual behavior of the man
(Phil, Saunders, 1948) found that it is a continuing gradual decline in sexual activity with increasing age and reasonably satisfactory pattern of sexual activity is at an advanced age. The older person needs to adapt to a loss of sexual attractiveness in a society that puts extreme emphasis on sexual attractiveness. The adjustment in itselfImage and self-image, are necessary to make it very difficult to obtain.
e. Forces tend to own devaluation. Often the experience of the older generation have little perceived relevance to the problems of the young and the elderly will have to participate in decision-making, both in disadvantaged work and family settings. Many parents are able to see as an unwanted burden and their children secretly wished she would die, so they can free from the burden and to experience financial reliefor benefit. Have urged senior citizens in the role of being an old person with all this means in terms of self-devaluation.
4 main groups of issues or requirements:
Health.
Housing.
Income security.
Interpersonal relationships.
Biological changes
Physiological changes: catabolism (the distribution of the plasma) overhauled anabolism (building of the plasma). All body systems are affected, and repair systems are slowed down. AgingProcess occurs at different speeds in different individuals.
Appearance and other changes:
Loss of subcutaneous fat and less elastic skin leads to appearance of wrinkled, sagging and loss of smoothness of body contours. Stiff and painful joints and range of joint movement is restricted, general
Reduced mobility.
Respiratory changes:
Increase in the connective tissue in the breast and the lung wall restricts breathing and less oxygen isconsumed. Older people are more likely to have infections of the lower respiratory tract whereas young people of the upper respiratory tract infections.
Nutrient changes:
Tooth decay and loss of teeth can detract from ease and pleasure when eating. Atrophy of the palate is a food is inclined, in bad taste and should be considered by caregivers. Digestive changes from lack of movement (eg, stimulation of the intestines) and decreased production of digestive juices. Constipation and indigestion arelikely to follow as a consequence. Financial problems can mean that older people eat an excess of cheap carbohydrates instead of the more expensive protein and plant foods and that exacerbates the problem, leading to reduced intake of vitamins and such problems as anemia and increased susceptibility to infections.
Adaptation to stress:
All of us from stress in all age groups. Adaptation to stress requires the consumption of energy. The 3 main stages of stress are:
1. InitialAlarm reaction. 2. Resistance. 3. Exhaustion
and when stress persists tissue damage or aging. Older people have pointed out over a lifetime in dealing with had. Energy reserves are exhausted and the older person is subject to stress earlier than the younger person. Stress is a lifetime cumulative. Research outcomes, including experiments with animals suggests that any stress makes us more vulnerable to the next and that, although we have, we think "back" 100%, in fact, anyStress, it can scar. In addition, stress is psychological and biological significance
the kind of stress is irrelevant. A physical stress may leave a vulnerable for psychological distress, and vice versa. Left not fully translated book, after recovering a stressor. Care workers must respect this and produce awareness of the possible things that stress for older people.
Cognitive change Habitual Behavior:
Sigmund Freud noted that after the age of 50 years, the treatment of neuroses concerningPsychoanalysis was difficult because of shifting opinions and reactions of the elderly is relatively firm and hard to find.
Over-learned behavior: This is the behavior that so well learned and repeated so often that it become automatic, such as entering or walking down the stairs. Over-learned behavior is difficult to change. If one has lived a long time, is have a more fixed opinions and ritualized behaviors and habits.
Compulsive Behavior: manners andSettings that has been learned during the search for ways to overcome the frustrations and difficulties that are hard to break. Tension reducing habits such as nail biting, incessant humming, nicotine and alcohol are particularly difficult to change at any age and especially hard for people who have practiced it for a lifetime.
The psychology of over-learned and compulsive behavior has serious consequences for older people who feel they have to live in what for them is a newand unfamiliar environment with new rules and power relations.
Information gathering:
Older people have a continuous background of neural noise making it difficult for them to sort and interpret, from complex sensory
Entrance. In an interview with an older person you should turn off the TV, remove as much noise and distractions as possible, please speak slowly
and refer to a message or idea at a time.
Memories from the distant past are more than youngerMemories. New features are the first memories to fade, and finally return.
Time-patterns can also be mixed - old and new can be mixed.
Intelligence.
Intelligence reaches a peak and can stay up with little deterioration, if it does not cause neurological damage. People who seem unusually high intelligence from the start to have for the least setback suffered. Education and support also appear to play a role in the maintenance of intelligence.
Mental disability. Two diseases of oldAge causes cognitive decline is Alzheimer's disease and Pick syndrome. In Pick's disease is the inability to concentrate and learn, and affective reactions are impaired.
Degenerative diseases: Slowly progressive physical degeneration of cells in the nervous system. Genetics seem to be an important factor. Usually after the 40th Year beginning (but can occur as early as 20s).
ALZHEIMER degeneration of all areas of the cortex, but mainly the frontal and temporal lobes.The affected cells actually die. Early symptoms are similar to neurotic disorders: anxiety, depression, anxiety, insomnia.
A progressive deterioration of intellectual faculties all (lack of memory is the obvious), famous and most of all. Total mass of the brain down, widened ventricles. No established treatment.
Pick disease, rare degenerative disease. Similar to Alzheimer's disease in relation to the origins, symptoms and possible genetic
Etiology. However, it isaffects localized areas of the brain, particularly the frontal areas, which leads to a loss of normal impact.
Parkinson disease neuropathology: loss of neurons in the basal ganglia.
Symptoms: Movement abnormalities: changing rhythmic tremor of the limbs, eyelids and tongue, together with muscular rigidity and slowness of movement (akinesia).
It was once thought that Parkinson's disease, was not associated with mental deterioration, but it is now knownthat there is a link between global intellectual impairment and Parkinson's disease, where it occurs late in life.
The cells lost in Parkinson's disease are associated with the neuro-chemical dopamine, and the motor symptoms of Parkinson's are associated with dopamine deficiency. Treatment consists of administration of dopamine precursor L-dopa, which may alleviate symptoms, including intellectual impairment. Research has shown it can possibly to the fore the emotional effects in patientshave had
psychiatric illness in some earlier stages in their lives.
Affective domain of age of our self-concept has received its final revision. We make a final assessment of the value of our lives and our record of success and failure.
How well a person adapts to old age may be stated, how adaptable the person to earlier major changes. If the person suffered an emotional crisis every time a significant change was then required to adapt to the needs of the oldAge may also be difficult. Factors such as economic security, geographic location and physical health are important for the adaptive process.
Need fulfillment: For all of us, according to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs theory, we are not free, the higher need of updating are saved even if the basic needs to pursue cases. When you consider that many are perhaps the most elderly people live in poverty and always with the basic needs for survival, they are not likely to be happySatisfaction of the needs to have prestige, power and beauty.
Maslow
Physiological
Security
Belonging, love, identification
Caution: Power, prestige, success, self-esteem
Self update: expression of interests and talents to the fullest.
Note: Old people who have secured their basic needs, can be motivated on the tasks of the highest in the hierarchy of work - activities related to aesthetics, creativity and altruism involvedIssues as compensation for the loss of sexual attractiveness and athleticism. At the age of nurses fixated on old people focus on social activities can only succeed in frustrating and irritating when their basic survival, it is not secured to their satisfaction.
RELIEF
Social aging is by Cumming, E. and Heinrich, W. (ages: the aging process of disengagement, NY, Basic, 1961) follows a well-defined pattern:
1. Change in the role. ChangeEmployment and productivity. To change
in attitudes to work.
2. Loss of role, such as withdrawal or death of the husband.
3. Reduced social interaction. In case of loss of the role of social interactions
diminished, eccentric can further reduce social interaction, damage
Self-concept, depression.
4. The awareness of the limited time remaining. This leads to further restrict the
Activity in the interest of saving time.
Havighurst, R. et al (in B.Neugarten (ed.): Middle age and aging, University of Chicago, 1968) and others have pointed out that the withdrawal is not an inevitable process. They believe that the needs are essentially the same as the old, middle-aged and the activities in middle age should be extended as long as possible. Havighurst points out the decline in social interaction is often restricted largely to the old
Result of the Company's withdrawal from the individual, the same as the opposite. To counter this trend, he believes the individual mustvigorously oppose the limits of his social world.
DEATH Fear of the dead among the tribal societies is well established. People who had served the dead were taboo and observe various rituals, including the necessary seclusion for shorter or longer time. In some societies from South America to Australia, it is taboo to speak to certain people the name of the dead. Widows and widowers are expected to observe rituals of respect for the dead.
Widows in the Highlands ofNew Guinea at Goroka chop one of their own fingers. The dead continue their existence as spirits and they can bring dire consequences to interfere.
Choice of C in "The fear of death", 1959 found that the fear of death even in the 3rd Birthday occurs. If a child loses a pet or grandparent fears reside in the unspoken questions: Did I cause it? Will there soon for you (the parent)? Will happen to me? The child in such situations must be re-assured that the departure is not aCensorship, and that the mother is not likely to go so fast. Love, pain, guilt, anger is a mixture of contradictory emotions are experienced.
The current setting DEATH
Our culture places great value on youth, beauty, high status occupations, social class and the expected future operations and performance. Aging and dying are denied and avoided in this system. The death of every human being reminds us of our own mortality.
The death of the elderly is less disturbingMembers of Western society, because the old ones not particularly appreciated. Surveys have shown that nurses, for example, more emphasis on saving a young life, as an old life. In Western society there is a pattern to avoid, with both the old and dying patients in old age.
Stages of dying. Elisabeth Kubler Ross has specialized in working with dying people and their "On Death and Dying", summarized NY, Macmillan, 1969, 5 stages of death.
1. Rejection and isolation. "No, notme ".
2. Anger. "I've lived a good life so why would I?"
3. Bargaining. Secret deals are made with God. "If I can live up to ... I promise ..."
4. Depression. (In general, the greatest psychological problem of depression in old age). Depression results from real and threatened loss.
5. The acceptance of the inevitable.
Kubler Ross's typology as outlined above should, I believe, be taken with a grain of salt and not blindly accept. Celebrated American journalist David Rieff, thein June '08 was a guest of the festival in Sydney challenged writers in relation to his book "Swimming in a Sea of Death: A Son's Memoir" (Melbourne University Press), specifically the validity of Kübler Ross typology in his "Late Night Live Interview (Australian ABC radio) with Philip Adams 9th June '08. He said something to the effect that his mother had seen her impending death as murder. My own experience with dying people suggests that the human ego remarkably resilient. I remember meVisit to a dying colleague in the hospital just days before his death. He said: "I die, I do not know how but I can not help it," and went on then, as a senior scientist at the University of Adelaide chuckle he had said she was submitting his name for the Order of Australia (the new "knights" exchange in Australia). Falling in and out of clear thought with an oxygen tube in his nose he was still very interested in the "vain glories of the world".This observation seemed to me a negative evaluation of theories Rieff Kubler Ross are in line.
IN RELATION TO THE AGE younger people
The old shares with the young people have the same needs: Yes, meet the age often means less or weaker these needs. The need for social interaction can be ignored by family and caregivers.
Families should be left to their members between the ages of visit and invite them to their homes. To visit the old and the children and relate tothem through games and stories.
Meaningful relationships can foster grandparent program than to be developed. Some years are not aware that their income and health claims. Family and friends should take the time to explain them. Some years are too proud to access their entitlements and this problem should be approached in a friendly manner, where it occurs.
It is best that age is associated as much choice as possible in matters of housing, social life and allowsLifestyle.
Communities that need to the old, for the age of such things as the lower limit and ramps.
Carers need to examine their own attitudes towards aging and dying. Denial of the caregiver is recognized by the aged person and it may inhibit the person between the ages of expressing negative emotions - fear, anger. If the person can express those feelings like, then someone that person is less likely with a sense of isolation and bitterness.
MetaphysicalPERSPECTIVE
The following notes are my interpretation of Dr. Chopra depak lecture entitled "The New Physics of Healing," which he and 13 Scientific Conference of the American Holistic Medical Association introduced. Depak Dr. Chopra is an endocrinologist and former Chief of Staff of the New England Hospital, Massachusetts. I am deliberately omitting the details of his statements to the more abstract and ephemeral and controversial ideas.
Original material of 735 WalnutStreet, Boulder, Colorado 83002,
Tel. +303 449 6229.
In the lecture, Dr. Chopra, a model of the universe and of all organisms is as impact structures of the interaction centers of electromagnetic energy to each other in a way that's all part of a system or structure of interrelated effects throughout the structure. This model is not only an analogue for what within the structure or the organism itself, but between the organism and its physicaland social environment. In other words, there is a relationship between psychological
Conditions, health and the aging process. In his presentation, Dr. Chopra reconciled ancient Vedic (Hindu) philosophy with modern psychology and quantum physics.
Early precognitive commitment: Dr. Chopra cites experiments have shown that flies kept for a long time, not so fast in a glass of the glass when the roof removed to leave. Instead, they take the glass as the limit of their universe. Hepoints out that baby elephants in India are often kept tethered to a small branch or tree. In adulthood, when the elephant is drawn over a medium sized tree, it can be linked even more successful with a twig! As another example, he points to experiments in which fish are grown on
2 pages an aquarium with a partition between the 2 sides. If the separation of the fish are removed slowly learn that they can now continue to swim throughout the tank, but in the section,to accept as their world. Other experiments have shown that cats encounter in an environment of vertical stripes and structures to hold as published in adulthood, brought anything be aligned horizontally, as if they were not in a position to something that horizontal is visible. Conversely, cats in an environment characterized by horizontal stripes on release bump educated in vertical structures, apparently unable to see them.
The crux of the above experiments is that they demonstrateEarly precognitive commitment. The lesson to learn is that our sense organs developed on the basis of initial experience and how we have learned to interpret it.
What exactly is the appearance of the world? It does not exist. Is the way the world looks to us through the sensory receptors, we and our interpretation, will the obligations determined by our early precognitive nature. Dr Chopra is argued that less than a billionth of the available stimuli do it inour nervous system. Most of it is screened, and what is with us is everything we have
expected on the basis of our precognitive commitments to be found.
Dr. Chopra is also the diseases that are actually caused by general medical interventions, but the material is too far away from my main intention. Dr. Chopra describes in lay terms the physics of matter, energy and time by establishing the broader context of our existence. He makes the point that our bodiesincluding the bodies of plants, mirrors are the cosmic rhythms and show changes correlated with the tides.
Dr. Chopra leads the experiments of Dr. Herbert Spencer of the U.S. National Institutes of Health. He injected mice with poly-IC, an immune-stimulating, and also reiterated the mice smell of camphor. After the effect of poly-IC subsided, he was again exposed the mice to smell the camphor. The smell of camphor had the consequence that the immune system of mice automaticallystrengthen
as if they were injected with the stimulant. He was then injected into another group of mice with cyclophosphamide and that destroys the immune system, and while it tends to smell of camphor. Later on, once again becomes normal, only the smell of camphor was enough to cause the destruction of the immune system. Dr. Chopra points out that even greater camphor or
destroy the mice's immune system is completely determined by an interpretationthe importance of the smell of camphor. The interpretation is not only in the brain, but in every cell of the organism. We are committed to our imagination and our
early experiences.
Chopra cites a study by the Massachusetts Dept. of Health, Education and Welfare in heart disease risk factors - family history, cholesterol, etc. The 2 main risk factors proved to be a psychological measures - Happiness Self-evaluation and job satisfaction. They found most people died from heartIllness on a Monday!
Chopra says that for every feeling, it is a molecule. If you rest your body will naturally produce valium occurs. Chemical changes in the brain are due to changes in other cells, including blood cells reflects. The brain produces neuropeptides and brain structures are chemically matched neuropeptide receptors on them. Neuropeptides (neurotransmitters) are the chemical concommitants of thinking. Chopra has the white blood cells (part of theImmune system) are neuropeptide receptors and "eavesdropping" on our thinking. Conversely, the immune system produces its own neuropeptides, which can affect the nervous system. He goes on to say that the cells in all parts of the body such as heart and kidney as well as produce neuropeptides and
Neuropeptide sensitivity. Chopra assures us that most neurologists agree that would be the nervous and immune systems parallel systems.
Other studies in physiology:Interlukin The blood-2 levels of medical students declined, since testing time approached and their interlukin receptor capacity lowered. Chopra says that if we become more fun to the point of amusement of our natural interlukin-2 levels. Interlukin-2 is a powerful and very expensive anti-cancer drug. The body is an expression of consciousness. If we change the way we view our bodies on a genuine, deep level, then our body would actually change.
On the subject of "Time"Chopra mentions Sir Thomas Gall and Steven Hawkins, says that our description of the universe with a past, present and future built entirely of our interpretation of the change. But
Reality of linear time does not exist.
Chopra explains the work of Alexander Leaf a former Harvard professor of preventive medicine, who traveled the world examining societies where people lived over 100 years (which included parts of Afghanistan, Soviet Georgia), Southern Andes. Hewas possible factors such as climate, genetics and nutrition. Leaf completed the most important factor was the collective perception of aging in these societies.
Among the Tama Humara of the southern Andes, there was a common belief that the older you get more physical in the position yourself. They had a tradition of going and then get the elder was generally better to perform a single. The best runner was 60 years old. Lung capacity and other measures that actually improves with age.People were healthy until well into the 100s, and died in his sleep. Chopra noted that changes things (since the introduction of Budweiser beer) and TV.
[DISCUSSION: How could TV be a factor for change in the former ideal state of affairs?]
Chopra refers to Dr. Ellen Langor a former Harvard psychology professor to work. Langor applied for 100 subjects over 70 years. She took them to play a convent outside Boston "Let's Pretend". They were divided into 2Groups, each of which work in another part of the building. One group, the control group spent several days going around the 1950s. The other group, the experimental group had to live as if talking about it in 1959 and in the present. What appeared on the television were the old news and movies. They read old newspapers and magazines of the time. After 3 days, all the pictures were photographed and evaluated by independent judges, who are nothing of the kind of knewthe experiment. The experimental group appeared to
have to get younger appearance. Langor then arranged for them for 100 physiological parameters of the tested included age, of course, blood pressure, near point vision and DHEA levels. After 10 days of life, as if all the parameters in 1959 had reversed the equivalent of at least 20 years.
Chopra concludes from the experiment Langor: "We are the metabolic end product of our sensory experiences. How do we interpret them dependson the collective mentality that individual biological aging entropy and influences. "
Can you escape the current collective mentality and the benefits of longevity and health? Langor says the company will not let you escape. There are too many memories, like most people think of linear time is and how it manifests itself in entropy and aging - Men are naughty at 40 and welfare recipients at 55, women have menopause at 40, etc. We learn so many other people see aging and dying that the setsPattern that we follow.
Chopra Finally, we will have the metabolic product of our sensory experience and our interpretation of our biology itself structured. Real change comes from changes in the collective consciousness - otherwise it can not occur within the individual.
Readings
Chopra, D. The New Physics of Healing. 735 Walnut Street, Boulder, Colorado 83002,
Tel. +303 449 6229.
Coleman, JC Abnormal psychology and modern life. Scott Foresman & Co.
Lugo,J. and Hershey, L. Human Development is a multidisciplinary approach to the psychology of the individual growth, NY, Macmillan.
Dennis. Psychology of human behavior for nurses. Lond. WB Saunders.
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